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Author Snowdon, Lonn_i_e__;
Cotlei', Sheldon. Title The
effectiveness of ex‑addict drug abuse counselors. Source Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the
American Psychological Association.. 1973, 403404. Abstract The investigation
served to identify personal characteristics that distinguished 25 relatively
effective counselors (each a Negro heroin addict) in an urban methadone
treatment program. Each counselor was
assigned about 30 clients. It was hypothesized that without formal professional
counselor training, the course and outcome of therapy would rest on the
personal qualities of each exaddict counselor.
Elevated scores on MMPI subscales, e.g., Mania and Paranoia, were
associated with more successful counseling, as measured by the clients'
attendance for counseling, drug pick up, and urine analyses. It is concluded
that counselors who acknowledge and
discuss their personal concerns in counseling relationships may indeed serve as
effective models for their addict clients.
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1977 Author
Brown, Barry S; T_hompson, Raymon_dF. Title The effectiveness of formerly
addicted and nonaddicted counselors on
clie r functioning. Source Drug Forum. Vol 5(2), 1975;
1976, 123‑129. Abstract The
functioning of 52 addict‑clients assigned to 29 nonaddict counselors was compared to the
functioning of 84 addict‑clients assigned to 30 ex‑addict counselors. Over a 12 mo period no
differences were found between groups in terms of retention in program
(including use of methadone), use of illicit drugs, employment, or rates of
arrest. Prior use of heroin did not appear either to enhance or detract from counselor performance. Findings are
discussed in terms of apparent differences in the criteria used to judge the
employability of nonaddict as compared with ex‑addict counselor candidates. A counselor training model is suggested
to allow for the full utilization of the potential possessed by the ex‑addict
counselor.
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1979 Author Argeriou, Milton; Manohar,
Velandy. Title Relative
effectiveness of nonalcoholics and
recovered alcoholics as counselors.
Source Journal of Studies on Alcohol.
Vol 39(5), May 1978, 793‑799. Abstract
Compared the treatment outcome of
273 problem drinkers served by 7 counselors,
4 of whom (2 men and 2 women) were recovered alcoholics (RACs) with an average of 6 yrs of abstinence and 3 of
whom (2 men and 1 woman) had no history of alcoholism
(NACs). The RACs counseled 134 patients (mean age 37.54 yrs) and the NACs
counseled 139 Ss (mean age 33.89 yrs). Results show that positive changes in
drinking behavior occurred significantly more often in young patients served by
RACs than in young patients served by NACs. This difference was not evident in
patients aged 35 and over. The general level of the counseling performance of
the RACs was comparable to and in some instances better than that of the NACs.
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Authors
Skuja A. Battenberg B. Wood D. Bucky S.
Title
The impact of paraprofessional alcoholism counselor
training.
Source
International Journal of the Addictions. 15(6):931‑8,
1980 Aug.
Abstract
The present study evaluated the impact of a Navy
alcoholism counselor training program. Forty‑five trainees were tested
before and after an intense 10‑week training period at the Naval Alcohol
Rehabilitation Center in San Diego. A pilot study enabled methodology
refinement and selection of instruments most discriminating change over training.
Based on pilot data, 12 measures were utilized: nine personality scales from a
short form MMPI (Mini‑Mult) and the Comrey Personality Scale, an
alcoholism knowledge and attitude test, and a counseling skills effectiveness
measure. Results indicate a significant positive change over training on
several measures of alcoholism attitudes, knowledge. and counselor
effectiveness. Significant differences were also noted on several personality
scales indicating change toward the normal range. The findings suggest that the
training appeared to have a significant positive impact on trainees. Some
implications and limitations are discussed.
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1980 Author Curtis, James L; Mike, Valerie. Title Methadone maintenance: Measuring treatment outcomes. Source New York State Journal of
Medicine. Vol 78(14), Dec 1978, 2177‑2182. Abstract Reports a series of
progress evaluations by a clinic staff of the social rehabilitation status f
their 189 methadone maintenance patients. At the end of the 4‑mo
evaluation period, the staff of counselors, nurses, and physicians jointly
concluded that 18% of the patients should be rated, in terms of treatment
outcome, as clinically improving; 50% as standing still or stabilized, and 32%
as worsening. Improving patients differed significantly in specific behavior:
More were employed, and fewer were continuing to have problems with opiates,
other drugs, or alcohol. All counselors initially overestimated their own
success rates, and there was a significant variation among counselors with
respect to the final rating of their patients by the combined staff. A
composite clinical team judgment appears to provide the best protection against
unsound treatment planning, practice, and evaluation. Favorable social
rehabilitation, examined in terms of data from screening interviews at the
beginning of the average of 2 yrs of clinic treatment, was associated with more
education, younger age, and a shorter history of opiate use.
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Thrower‑J‑H;
Tyler‑J‑D. Edwards Personal Preference Schedule correlates of
addiction counselor effectiveness. International
Journal of the Addictions, 21(2):191‑193, 1986. (087412)
The Edwards Personal Preference
Schedule (EPPS) was examined as a tool for identifying effective inpatient
chemical dependency counselors. Subjects were 21 male and 10 female addiction
counselors (M age=35.8, SD=12.0, Range=1.44) working in inpatient treatment
cent7ers in Minnesota and North Dakota. Counselors had an average of 3.2 years
of experience in addiction counseling. Fifteen were recovering chemically
dependent individuals. Eighteen were married, nine were single, and four were
divorced. None was trained at a master's or doctoral level. The EPPS scores
were correlated with ratings and rankings of effectiveness by supervisors and
peers. Counselors judged as more effective scored higher on Dominance and
Heterosexuality and lower on Order. When compared to their respective normative
samples, both male and female counselors scored higher in Intraception and
Heterosexuality and lower on Order and Endurance. The findings suggest that
characteristics suitable for other types of counseling activities are not
necessarily optimal for alcoholic and addiction counselors.
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1992 Author Machell David F. Title
Counselor substance abuse history, client fellowship, and alcoholism treatment outcome:
A brief report. Source Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education. Vol 37(1),
Fal 1991, 25‑30. Abstract Compared, with treatment peers, the impact of a
male or female recovering alcoholic
counselor or a male or female nonalcoholic
counselor on level of fellowship or perceived belongingness in 200 15‑65
yr old randomly assigned chronic, recidivistic male adult alcoholics. Length of
stay in program and relapse rate in a residential treatment setting were also
studied. Structured interviews, conducted at 2‑wk intervals during 90‑day
treatment, were used in classification of Ss. Results indicate that the
counselor's status did not have an impact on perception of belongingness,
length of stay, or relapse rate. Nonalcoholic
counselors appeared more effective in influencing cluster respondents but
less effective in diminishing the isolate perspectives.
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Int JSoc Psychiatry 1992
Autumn;38(3):208‑
Counselor training
as a treatment for alcoholism: tth helper therapy principle in action.
Kahn MW, Fua C
Department of Psychology,
College of Arts and Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721.
Extensive harmful drinking of
alcohol is a major problem for many groups of Australian Aborigines and western
treatment approaches have had limited effect. In order to stress cultural
factors in treatment, a program to train indigenous Aborigines as alcoholism
counselors for their communities was developed. In its more than 10 years of
existence 145 counselors have been graduated. Of those initially entering the
two year program 60% have graduated. Most of those have found employment as
alcohol counselors for their people, and the numbers of Aborigines treated has
increased. About 90% of those who entered the training had severe repeated
substance abuse disorders in their recent history. The training and the alcohol
counseling employment appears to be highly associated with continuing sobriety.
For those who graduated the program only 4.8% returned to drinking. Those who
completed only the first phase, 8.4% returned to drinking. Of those who were
terminated from the program, 74% returned to drinking. Training alcoholics as
alcohol counselors appears to be associated with vocational success and
maintenance of sobriety as predicted by Riessman's "helper‑therapy
principle."
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1993
Author
Title Miller,
William R; Benefield, R. Gayle; Tonigan, J. Scott.
Enhancing motivation for change
in problem drinking: A controlled comparison of two therapist styles. Source Journal of Consulting &
Clinical Psychology. Vol 61(3), Jun 1993, 455‑461. Abstract To investigate
the impact of counselor style, a 2‑session
motivational checkup was offered to 42 problem drinkers (18 women and 24 men)
who were randomly assigned to 3 groups: (1) immediate checkup with directive‑confrontational
counseling, (2) immediate checkup with client‑centered counseling, or (3)
delayed checkup (waiting‑list control). Overall, the intervention
resulted in a 57% reduction in drinking within 6 wks, which was maintained at 1
yr. Clients receiving immediate checkup showed significant reduction in
drinking relative to controls. The 2 counseling styles were discriminable on
therapist behaviors coded from audiotapes. The directive‑confrontational
style yielded significantly more resistance from clients, which in turn
predicted poorer outcomes at 1 yr.
Therapist styles did not differ in overall impact on drinking, but a single
therapist behavior was predictive (r = .65) of 1‑yr outcome such that the more the therapist confronted, the
more the client drank.
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1994 Author
Brown, Barry S. Title Observations
on the recent history of drug user counseling. Source International Journal of the Addictions. Vol 28(12), Oct
1993, 1243‑1255. Abstract Explores
the drug user counselor role in terms of its changing nature over the past 25
yrs. Initially, the drug user counselor could be characterized as a
professional based on his or her experience. Over time, education‑based
mental health professionals have become increasingly evident and the
professionals of experience (POE) have become less so. It is suggested that
studies supporting the particular efficacy of counselors of education for all
but drug‑user clients with significant psychopathology are lacking.
Moreover, aspects of therapeutic interaction that are more largely engaged in
by POE are threatened by their dwindling numbers and the credentialing out of
nontraditional job functions. Awareness of the significance of the
contributions of POE has been reawakened by recognition of counselors'
contributions to AIDS prevention counseling.
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1995 Income and Compensation Study of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors Conducted
in 1995 by the NAADAC Education and Research Foundation, this newly updated
Study is the only tool of its kind available to the profession. It tracks
earnings by primary employment, education, experience and certification, self‑employed
and salaried respondents, and recovering and non‑recovering respondents.
Available from NAADAC at www.naadac.org